TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL MEDICINE - Georgian Medical Journal

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by key pathological hallmarks like Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which drive neuronal atrophy and synaptic loss. Understanding the intertwined mechanisms of cellular stress, such as oxidative stress, ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, is crucial, as these are increasingly recognized as major components in AD and significant therapeutic targets. One of these strategies entail pharmaceutical interventions, including antioxidants (NAC, vitamin E, melatonin), ER stress modulators (salubrinal, sefin-1), mitochondrial stabilizers (mitoQ, SS-31, SkQ). In addition, emerging gene and biotechnological therapies like CRISPR/Cas9 and exosome-based approaches, alongside lifestyle interventions offer additional avenues to mitigate disease progression. Acknowledging AD’s multi factorial nature and the need to interfere with multiple pathogenic steps is vital for effective treatments.